The vocal cords are a vital part of the sound production process. However, the vocal cords in the larynx may develop benign (non-cancerous) growths, such as polyps, nodules, granulomas, and papillomas.

 

These growths cause chronic hoarseness and a weakened voice, which can greatly disturb patients and negatively affect their quality of life. In some cases, this condition may require the patient to undergo vocal cord polyp removal surgery.

 

In this article, ENT specialists outline the main causes of vocal cord polyps and other lesions while providing key information about their removal through microlaryngoscopic surgery.

 

Types of lesions that can develop on the vocal cords

 

As mentioned earlier, various types of non-cancerous lesions can form on the vocal cords, including:

 

1. Vocal cord polyps

 

Vocal cord polyps are lesions that often appear due to acute injuries to the vocal cords, such as excessive shouting.

 

These growths typically affect one vocal cord but may appear on both sides if the patient suffers from:

 

• Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Acid reflux can irritate the vocal cords, leading to polyp formation.
• Hypothyroidism: Hormonal imbalances can contribute to the development of vocal cord polyps.
• Chronic exposure to irritants: Such as industrial fumes and cigarette smoke.

 

Polyps are more common among adults, and their treatment often requires surgical intervention.

 

2. Vocal cord nodules

 

Nodules develop on both vocal cords due to excessive use of the voice. Common causes include:

 

• Shouting or speaking loudly: Prolonged loud talking can lead to nodules.
• Frequent singing at unnatural frequencies: This issue is prevalent among singers and adversely affects their voice quality, often necessitating treatment.

 

3. Vocal cord granulomas

 

Granulomas are inflammatory lesions resulting from the accumulation of immune cells. Common causes include:

 

• Not-treated GERD: Persistent acid reflux can damage the vocal cords, leading to granuloma formation.
• Previous surgeries: The use of breathing tubes during surgeries may injure the vocal cords, resulting in granulomas.

 

While granulomas may respond to non-surgical treatment, recurrent cases often require surgical removal.

 

4. Vocal cord papillomas

 

Papillomas are wart-like growths caused by specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus affects patients of all ages but is most common among children aged 1 to 4 years. Key symptoms include:

 

• Hoarseness.
• Breathing difficulties in severe cases: Papillomas may block the airway.

 

HPV vaccination helps reduce the risk of transmitting the virus from mother to child during childbirth.

 

Symptoms of vocal cord polyps and other lesions

 

Common symptoms of polyps, nodules, and granulomas include:

 

• Chronic hoarseness.
• Weak voice: Reduced volume and/or lack of clarity.
• Respiratory issues: In cases involving papillomas.

 

Diagnosing vocal cord polyps and lesions

 

Patients experiencing these symptoms should visit a specialized ENT hospital for accurate diagnosis. Diagnostic steps include:

 

• Laryngoscopy: A flexible tube that allows doctors to visualize the vocal cords and detect abnormal growths.
• Biopsy: If papillomas or malignancy are suspected, a small tissue sample is taken for microscopic examination.

 

Treatment of vocal cord polyps and lesions

 

Doctors use several approaches to address vocal cord polyps and lesions, including:

 

1. Non-surgical treatments

 

• Voice rest and therapy: Patients are advised to rest their voice and learn healthy vocal habits through speech therapy.
• Lifestyle modifications: These include dietary changes, quitting smoking, and staying hydrated.

 

2. Surgical interventions

 

• Microlaryngoscopic removal: The growths are removed using a microscope during surgery.
• Laser treatment for papillomas: This may also involve antiviral medications.

 

Microlaryngoscopic surgery for vocal cord lesions

 

Microlaryngoscopy is a precise surgical procedure that allows doctors to examine the vocal cords and remove abnormal growths under a microscope.

 

ENT surgeons recommend microlaryngoscopy to:

 

• Remove polyps, nodules, granulomas, or papillomas.
• Correct vocal cord movement disorders.
• Diagnose and treat laryngeal cancer.

 

Steps of Microlaryngoscopic

 

The surgery requires the patient to avoid smoking and fast for 8 hours prior. It typically takes about one hour and includes the following steps:

 

• General anesthesia: The patient is placed under anesthesia.
• Insertion of the laryngoscope: The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth to access the vocal cords.
• Use of the microscope: The surgeon examines the vocal cords under magnification and removes growths using surgical tools or a laser.

 

Recovery after Microlaryngoscopic

 

Recovery is usually quick. To ensure smooth healing, ENT experts recommend the following:

 

• Voice rest: Patients should avoid speaking or singing for a few days and limit voice use for two to six weeks.
• Adhering to prescribed medications.
• Attending follow-up appointments.

 

Most patients can resume eating one day after the procedure.

 

Potential complications of Microlaryngoscopic surgery

 

Like any surgical procedure, Microlaryngoscopy carries some potential risks, including:

 

• Temporary hoarseness.
• Throat inflammation or neck stiffness.
• Swelling of the airway or bleeding, which are rare complications.

 

Magrabi Health houses a team of skilled ENT surgeons who use internationally recognized diagnostic and treatment techniques while adhering to all safety standards. This ensures a smooth and successful treatment journey for patients.

 

Book an appointment at the nearest Magrabi Health branch for a professional consultation with the region’s leading ENT specialists.